Dangane da rarrabuwa, ana iya raba firikwensin infrared zuwa na'urori masu auna zafi da na'urori masu auna firikwensin photon.

Thermal firikwensin

Mai gano yanayin zafi yana amfani da nau'in ganowa don ɗaukar infrared radiation don samar da yanayin zafi, sa'an nan kuma tare da canje-canje a wasu kayan jiki na jiki. Auna canje-canje a cikin waɗannan kaddarorin jiki na iya auna kuzari ko ƙarfin da yake sha. Ƙayyadaddun tsari shine kamar haka: Mataki na farko shine ɗaukar radiation infrared ta hanyar ganowar thermal don haifar da hawan zafi; Mataki na biyu shi ne yin amfani da wasu tasirin zafin na'urar gano zafin jiki don canza yanayin zafi zuwa canjin wutar lantarki. Akwai nau'ikan sauye-sauye na kayan jiki guda huɗu waɗanda aka saba amfani da su: nau'in thermistor, nau'in thermocouple, nau'in pyroelectric, da nau'in huhu na Gaolai.

# Nau'in thermistor

Bayan kayan da ke da zafi ya sha radiation infrared, zafin jiki ya tashi kuma ƙimar juriya ta canza. Girman canjin juriya yayi daidai da makamashin infrared da aka sha. Masu gano infrared da aka yi ta hanyar canza juriya bayan wani abu ya sha radiation infrared ana kiransa thermistor. Ana amfani da thermistors sau da yawa don auna radiyo na thermal. Akwai nau'ikan thermistors iri biyu: karfe da semiconductor.

R(T)=AT-CeD/T

R (T): ƙimar juriya; T: zafin jiki; A, C, D: madaidaitan da suka bambanta da kayan.

Thermistor karfe yana da ingantacciyar ƙimar juriya na zafin jiki, kuma cikakkiyar ƙimarsa ta yi ƙasa da na na'urar sarrafa kwamfuta. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin juriya da zafin jiki shine madaidaicin layi, kuma yana da ƙarfin juriya mai ƙarfi. An fi amfani da shi don auna simintin zafin jiki;

Semiconductor thermistors kawai akasin haka, ana amfani da su don gano radiation, kamar ƙararrawa, tsarin kariyar wuta, da bincike da bin diddigin radiyo.

# Thermocouple nau'in

Thermocouple, wanda kuma ake kira thermocouple, shine farkon na'urar gano ma'aunin zafi da sanyio, kuma tsarin aikinsa shine tasirin pyroelectric. Junction ɗin da ya ƙunshi kayan madugu daban-daban guda biyu na iya haifar da ƙarfin lantarki a mahadar. Ƙarshen thermocouple yana karɓar radiation ana kiransa ƙarshen zafi, ɗayan kuma ana kiransa ƙarshen sanyi. Abin da ake kira sakamako na thermoelectric, wato, idan waɗannan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan guda biyu sun haɗa su cikin madauki, lokacin da yanayin zafi a mahaɗin biyu ya bambanta, za a samar da na yanzu a cikin madauki.

Don inganta haɓakar haɓakawa, an shigar da baƙar fata mai launin zinari a kan ƙarshen zafi don samar da kayan thermocouple, wanda zai iya zama ƙarfe ko semiconductor. Tsarin zai iya zama ko dai layi ko siffa mai siffar tsiri, ko fim ɗin siririn da aka yi ta hanyar fasahar ajiya ko fasahar hoto. Ana amfani da nau'ikan thermocouples galibi don auna zafin jiki, kuma nau'in thermocouples na sirara-fim (wanda ya ƙunshi yawancin thermocouples a jere) galibi ana amfani da su don auna radiation.

Tsawon lokacin na'urar gano infrared nau'in thermocouple yana da girma sosai, don haka lokacin amsa yana da ɗan tsayi, kuma halaye masu ƙarfi ba su da rauni. Yawan canjin radiation a gefen arewa yakamata ya kasance ƙasa da 10HZ. A aikace aikace, yawancin thermocouples yawanci ana haɗa su a jere don samar da thermopile don gano ƙarfin infrared radiation.

# Nau'in Pyroelectric

Na'urorin gano infrared Pyroelectric an yi su ne da lu'ulu'u na pyroelectric ko "ferroelectrics" tare da polarization. Pyroelectric crystal wani nau'i ne na kristal piezoelectric, wanda yana da tsarin da ba na centrosymmetric ba. A cikin yanayin yanayi, cibiyoyin caji mai kyau da mara kyau ba su zo daidai ba a wasu kwatance, kuma ana samun wasu adadin cajin polarized akan farfajiyar crystal, wanda ake kira polarization na kwatsam. Lokacin da zafin jiki na kristal ya canza, zai iya haifar da tsakiyar caji mai kyau da mara kyau na crystal don motsawa, don haka cajin polarization akan saman yana canzawa daidai. Yawanci saman sa yana ɗaukar cajin iyo a cikin yanayi kuma yana kiyaye yanayin daidaiton lantarki. Lokacin da saman ferroelectric yana cikin ma'auni na lantarki, lokacin da hasken infrared ya haskaka a samansa, zafin jiki na ferroelectric (sheet) ya tashi da sauri, ƙarfin polarization ya ragu da sauri, kuma cajin da aka ɗaure yana raguwa sosai; yayin da cajin da ke iyo a saman ya canza a hankali. Babu wani canji a cikin jikin ferroelectric na ciki.

A cikin ɗan ƙanƙanin lokaci daga canjin ƙarfin polarization wanda ya haifar da canjin zafin jiki zuwa yanayin ma'aunin wutar lantarki a saman kuma, ƙarin cajin iyo da yawa suna bayyana akan saman ferroelectric, wanda yayi daidai da sakin wani ɓangare na cajin. Ana kiran wannan sabon abu da tasirin pyroelectric. Tunda yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo don cajin kyauta don kawar da cajin da aka daure a saman, yana ɗaukar fiye da ƴan daƙiƙa kaɗan, kuma lokacin shakatawa na polarization na kristal na ɗan gajeren lokaci ne, kusan 10-12 seconds, don haka pyroelectric crystal na iya mayar da martani ga saurin canjin yanayin zafi.

# Gaolai pneumatic nau'in

Lokacin da iskar gas ke ɗaukar infrared radiation a ƙarƙashin yanayin kiyaye wani ƙayyadaddun ƙara, zazzabi zai karu kuma matsa lamba zai karu. Girman karuwar matsa lamba ya yi daidai da ƙarfin radiation infrared da aka sha, don haka ana iya auna ƙarfin infrared da aka sha. Na'urorin gano infrared da aka yi da ka'idodin da ke sama ana kiran su gas detectors, kuma bututun Gao Lai shine na'urar gano iskar gas.

Photon firikwensin

Masu gano infrared na Photon suna amfani da wasu kayan aikin semiconductor don samar da tasirin hoto a ƙarƙashin hasken hasken infrared don canza kayan lantarki na kayan. Ta hanyar auna canje-canje a cikin kayan lantarki, za'a iya ƙayyade ƙarfin infrared radiation. Na'urorin gano infrared da aka yi ta hanyar photoelectric ana kiran su tare da masu gano photon. Babban fasali shine babban hankali, saurin amsawa da saurin amsawa. Amma gabaɗaya yana buƙatar yin aiki a ƙananan yanayin zafi, kuma ƙungiyar ganowa tana da kunkuntar.

Bisa ga ka'idar aiki na mai gano photon, ana iya raba shi gaba ɗaya zuwa na'urar gano hoto na waje da na ciki. An raba na'urorin daukar hoto na ciki zuwa na'urar gano hoto, na'urar gano hoto da na'urar gano wutar lantarki ta photomagnetoelectric.

# Mai gano hoto na waje (na'urar PE)

Lokacin da haske ya faru a saman wasu karafa, karfe oxides ko semiconductor, idan makamashin photon ya isa sosai, saman zai iya fitar da electrons. Wannan al'amari ana kiransa gaba ɗaya azaman iskar hoto, wanda ke cikin tasirin hoto na waje. Tubes na hoto da bututun daukar hoto suna cikin irin wannan nau'in ganowar hoto. Saurin amsawa yana da sauri, kuma a lokaci guda, samfurin bututu na photomultiplier yana da riba mai yawa, wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don ma'auni na photon guda ɗaya, amma tsayin tsayin raƙuman yana da kunkuntar, kuma mafi tsayi shine kawai 1700nm.

# Photoconductive ganowa

Lokacin da semiconductor ya ɗauki photon da ya faru, wasu electrons da ramukan da ke cikin semiconductor suna canzawa daga yanayin da ba ya aiki zuwa yanayi mai 'yanci wanda zai iya sarrafa wutar lantarki, ta haka yana ƙara ƙarfin lantarki na semiconductor. Wannan al'amari shi ake kira da photoconductivity sakamako. Na'urorin gano infrared da aka yi ta hanyar tasirin hoto na semiconductive ana kiran su masu binciken hoto. A halin yanzu, shine nau'in ganowar photon da aka fi amfani dashi.

# Mai gano hotovoltaic (na'urar PU)

Lokacin da radiation infrared ke haskakawa a kan haɗin PN na wasu sifofi na kayan aiki na semiconductor, a ƙarƙashin aikin filin lantarki a cikin haɗin PN, ƙananan electrons a cikin yankin P suna matsawa zuwa yankin N, kuma ramukan da ke cikin yankin N suna matsawa zuwa wurin. P yankin. Idan mahadar PN a buɗe take, ana samun ƙarin ƙarfin lantarki a ƙarshen mahadar PN da ake kira da ƙarfin lantarki na hoto. Masu gano abubuwan da aka yi ta amfani da tasirin tasirin wutar lantarki na hoto ana kiran su masu gano hotovoltaic ko junction infrared detectors.

# Mai gano magnetoelectric na gani

Ana amfani da filin maganadisu a gefe zuwa samfurin. Lokacin da saman semiconductor ya sha photons, electrons da ramukan da aka haifar suna bazuwa cikin jiki. A lokacin aiwatar da watsawa, ana kashe electrons da ramuka zuwa ƙarshen samfurin saboda tasirin filin maganadisu na gefe. Akwai yuwuwar bambanci tsakanin ƙarshen duka biyun. Ana kiran wannan sabon abu da tasirin opto-magnetoelectric. Masu gano abubuwan da aka yi da tasirin hoto-magnetoelectric ana kiran su na'urorin gano-magneto-lantarki (wanda ake magana da su azaman na'urorin PEM).